Dense microstructure and refined grains: Dynamic recrystallization at high temperatures eliminates defects such as porosity and gas bubbles in the cast state, forming a uniform fine-grained microstructure, significantly improving strength, toughness, and fatigue performance.
Excellent mechanical properties: Fiber streamlines are continuously distributed along the contour of the forging, resulting in superior impact and fatigue resistance compared to castings and cold forgings, making it suitable for critical load-bearing components such as crankshafts, connecting rods, and gears.
Good plasticity and low deformation resistance: Complex shapes can be formed with relatively low equipment tonnage, suitable for large or high-alloy materials that are difficult to deform (such as high-temperature alloys and titanium alloys).
Severe surface oxidation and decarburization: High-temperature exposure produces a thick oxide scale and decarburized layer, resulting in a rough surface and lower dimensional accuracy (typically IT8–IT12), requiring subsequent machining to remove defects.
Dimensional shrinkage and accuracy fluctuations: Thermal shrinkage occurs during cooling, and is affected by die clearance and cooling rate, making tolerance control more difficult than cold forging, requiring machining allowances.
High energy consumption and complex process: Continuous heating and heat preservation are required, resulting in a large proportion of energy consumption. Strict requirements are placed on heating uniformity and control of the initial/final forging temperature to avoid overheating, burning, or cracking.
